Saturday, August 22, 2020

Polymer formulation

Polymer detailing Part 1 Presentation Shades are added substances in a polymer detailing which give endless prospects to originators who need to separate their item. Enactment and uprising natural mindfulness has prompted the progressive eliminating of substantial metal inorganic colors and expanded use of natural shades. Regardless of their great warmth security, light speed, tinctorial quality and minimal effort, certain natural colors are broadly known to cause huge warpage in polyethylene moldings (even at shade fixations as low as 0.1% wt).[1,2] This wonder is particularly regular in enormous slender walled moldings, for example, tops, bottle containers and trays.[3] It is commonly acknowledged that the warpage marvel is brought about by the nucleating impact these natural shades have on polyethylene. They go about as nucleating specialists, expanding crystallization rate and adjusting the morphology of moldings. Morphological changes cause higher interior pressure which prompts distortion.[2] Adding on to the issue, diverse natural shades nucleate polyethylene to various degrees, making it difficult to create moldings with indistinguishable measurements utilizing indistinguishable preparing conditions when an assortment of colors are used.[4] Various endeavors have just been made, with typically moderate achievement, to settle natural shade prompted warpage. They extend from modifying process parameters, form configuration changes, pre-treatment of shades, to fuse of extra added substances. An audit of writing in this exploration region indicated that albeit a few examinations have been led to research the joining of nucleating specialists to abrogate nucleating impacts of natural colors on polypropylene, constrained data of this sort exists for polyethylene. The particular component behind nucleating specialists superseding nucleation by natural colors is additionally still indistinct. Accordingly, it is the point of this exploration to consider the impact of nucleating specialists, in light of potassium stearate and carboxylic corrosive salts, on the crystallization and warpage conduct of high thickness polyethylene containing copper phthalocyanine green color. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Optical Microscopy (OM) will be utilized to follow the crystallization conduct of the plans and relationships between's pace of crystallization and shrinkage conduct will likewise be made. Part 2 Writing REVIEW 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallization of Semi-Crystalline Polymers 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms Crystallization includes the arrangement of an arranged structure from a cluttered stage, for example, liquefy or weaken solution.[5] The crystallization procedure of polymers is thermodynamically determined. It is represented by change in Gibbs free vitality, ÃŽG.[6] ÃŽG = ÃŽH TÃŽS (2-1) Where ÃŽH is change in enthalpy, T is outright temperature and ÃŽS is change in entropy. At the point when ÃŽG is negative, crystallization is thermodynamically great. This happens when loss of enthalpy upon crystallization surpasses the loss of entropy duplicated by total temperature. It can along these lines be inferred that as the outright temperature of the framework falls, the main thrust of crystallization will increase.[7] For a polymer to take shape, it must adjust to the accompanying requirements:[8] Atomic structure must be sufficiently customary to permit crystalline requesting Crystallization temperature must be underneath liquefying point however not near glass progress temperature Nucleation must happen before crystallization Crystallization rate ought to be adequately high A hundred percent crystallinity is unimaginable in polymers because of components, for example, chain snares, thick drag and expanding. In this way they are named ‘semi-crystalline. All semi-crystalline polymers show an exceptional balance liquefying temperature above which crystallites soften and underneath which a liquid polymer begins to take shape. The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-advance procedure comprising precious stone nucleation and gem growth.[6] 2.1.2. Essential Nucleation Essential nucleation can be characterized as the arrangement of short-run requested polymer accumulations in liquefy which go about as a central revolve around which crystallization can occur.[9] There are three components of essential nucleation, in particular, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation and direction prompted nucleation.[10] 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation Homogeneous nucleation includes the unconstrained making of core in a semi-crystalline polymer soften when it is cooled beneath its harmony liquefying temperature.[7] This procedure is named as inconsistent as cores are framed in convenient succession.[11] Creation of cores happens when factual variety inside a polymer dissolve brings about the arrangement of requested gatherings of chain sections bigger than a basic size[7]; for the most part between 2-10nm.[11] Below this basic size, the cores are unsteady and might be destroyed.[11] For the most part, super-cooling to between 50-100Â °C underneath balance dissolving temperature is negligibly required to accomplish genuine homogeneous nucleation.[12] The super-cooling is credited to the vitality obstruction homogeneous cores are required to defeat to reach stability.[7]. At the point when sub-atomic portions pack close to one another to frame an incipient organism, there is an adjustment in free vitality, ÃŽG, brought about by two restricting systems. The making of new precious stone surface builds free vitality (ÃŽS is negative) while the decrease in volume of the framework diminishes free vitality (ÃŽ(U+pV) ≈ ÃŽH is negative). The two contradicting instruments lead to a size-subordinate free vitality bend which characterizes basic core size.[13] A little incipient organism has high surface to volume proportion thus ÃŽG is sure; as it were, precious stone development isn't thermodynamically favourable.[13,14] However as cores develop, the surface to volume proportion diminishes to a limited extent where volume change exceeds the production of new surface and change in free vitality decline; gem development turns out to be progressively likely. This point is characterized as basic cores size or more this point, the vitality obstruction is overc ome.[13,14] Eventually when ÃŽG gets negative, cores are thermodynamically steady, preparing for additional development into lamellae or spherulites.[14] The base number of unit cells required to shape a steady cores decline when temperature decline, because of a decrease in vitality hindrance. As it were, the pace of homogeneous nucleation increments when temperature of the polymer decreases.[7] 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation Practically speaking, one as a rule watches heterogeneous nucleation and not homogeneous nucleation.[15] Heterogeneous nucleation includes the development of cores on the outside of remote bodies present in the liquid period of a semi-crystalline polymer. The outside bodies can appear as unusual debasements, for example, dust particles or impetus remainders, nucleating operators included reason or precious stones of a similar material effectively present in the liquid stage (self-seeding).[7,8] The nearness of outside bodies extraordinarily diminishes the vitality boundary for the arrangement of stable cores. This explanation behind this is, polymer particles which set against previous surfaces of remote bodies make less new fluid/strong interface than a similar volume of polymer atoms framing a homogeneous nucleus.[6] In turn, basic size of cores is littler in heterogeneous nucleation when contrasted with homogenous nucleation so heterogeneous nucleation consistently happens at lower supercooling.[16] Outside bodies with crystallographic spacings coordinating the semi-crystalline polymer are particularly viable heterogeneous nucleating operators. Positive nucleation destinations incorporate precious stone grain limits, breaks, discontinuities and cavities.[7] 2.1.2.3. Direction Induced Nucleation Direction prompted nucleation is brought about by some level of atomic arrangement in the liquid period of a semi-crystalline polymer. Sub-atomic arrangement lessens the entropy contrast between the liquid and crystalline condition of the polymer. This sort of nucleation is significant in different procedures, for example, fiber dissolve turning, film-shaping and infusion forming. In these procedures, polymer dissolve is sheared previously and during crystallisation.[8,17] 2.1.3. Gem Growth 2.1.3.1. Essential Crystallization Essential crystallization happens when dissolve of a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled beneath its harmony liquefying temperature. It includes sub-atomic fragments storing onto the developing substance of crystallites or cores. The resultant gem development happens along the an and b tomahawks, comparative with the polymers unit cell. These augmentations of atomic sections can happen through two systems: tight crease adjoining reemergence or free affidavit (delineated in Figure 2.3).[6] Tight overlay neighboring reemergence necessitates that chain stems be set down constantly from a solitary polymer particle in a progression of clip twists until its length is depleted. This single particle is believed to be ‘reeled in from encompassing liquid material.[7] This system necessitates that sub-atomic movements along the polymer atoms shape length to be a few times quicker than the pace of precious stone development. Then again, the autonomous testimony component just requires limited movement of atomic portions. Sub-atomic portions just need to re-sort out adequately to line up with sub-atomic sections at the crystallite face.[6] tight overlay adjoining reemergence free deposition[6] 2.1.3.2. Auxiliary Crystallization After a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled to room temperature, crystallization is still thermodynamically great however limited by the low versatility of atomic portions in its undefined areas. Over an all-inclusive timeframe, which can length from hours to weeks, re-game plan of atomic fragments inside shapeless districts can prompt further precious stone development. This procedure is characterized as s

Thursday, July 16, 2020

Adderall Side Effects in Men

Adderall Side Effects in Men October 14, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Cindy Chung Adderall is a stimulant medication used to treat ADHD. However, it can have side effects, including erectile dysfunction in some men.?? Adderall acts on the central nervous system and increases the amount of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. This results in increased attention and focus and a reduction in hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Adderall contains dextroamphetamine and amphetamine and is available in a short-acting formula, which lasts approximately four hours, and in an extended release formula (Adderall XR), which lasts between 10 to 12 hours.?? It was approved to treat ADHD in 1996 by the FDA and can be prescribed to people who are 6 years and older.?? Side Effects in Men Erectile dysfunction  (ED) is a  potential side effect for men taking Adderall.  Some men report a decreased interest in sex and difficulty getting and keeping an erection. This change in sex drive or sexual performance can cause distress and embarrassment. While some men report that Adderall  negatively affects their sex life, other men experience the opposite.?? They find it increases their sex drive and do not experience ED. This varies from person to person. In fact stimulants like Adderall are sometimes used to treat the sexual side effects that may accompany certain antidepressant medications. Other side effects of Adderall can include nervousness, dizziness, headaches, problems with sleep, dry mouth, vision problems, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and an increase in both blood pressure and heart rate.?? Why Adderall May  Cause ED One of the effects of Adderall is constriction of certain blood vessels in the body, and these changes may impact the penis. Typically, once the effects of the medication have worn away, sexual desire and performance return to what is normal for you. Speak to Your Doctor Although you might feel shy or embarrassed to speak to your doctor, it is important to tell them about any erectile dysfunction you are experiencing.  Doctors understand that it is a potential side effect of Adderall  and will want to help you to resolve the problem. Your doctor may suggest one of the following solutions: Plan Ahead: Some men do not take their usual dose of Adderall  if they know they are going to be having sex. Or they can wait until the medication is out of their system before having sex. Lower Dose: Taking a lower dosage of Adderall  might still be helpful in reducing ADHD symptoms while not resulting in erectile dysfunction. Medication Change: As with all medications, there is a balance between treating a condition and managing the side effects. There are two types of stimulant medication available to treat ADHD, the amphetamine family (Adderall) and  methylphenidate (e.g. Ritalin). If one stimulant family causes side effects that cannot be tolerated, the prescribing physician will often suggest trying the other type. Each group of drugs affects an individual differently. The only way to know how you will respond to a medication is through trial and error. There are also non-stimulant medication options too. Let Your Body Adjust: Some men experience ED when they first start taking Adderall, then as their body adjusts to the new medication over the course of several weeks the problems subside. Because each human body responds to medication slightly differently, it is not possible to know how the medication will affect you. A Prescription of Viagra: ED can be a result of many factors, including psychological factors like  stress  and anxiety. If a person tried to have sex while Adderall  was still in effect and experienced ED, the memory of this can cause performance anxiety in the future. Taking a sidenafil (Viagra)  tablet helps to get and maintain an erection, which helps to counteract the side effects of Adderall. You might feel that Viagra  or a similar medication is for ‘older’ people. However, many young males take it to help with ED. Even at times when Adderall is not in their body,  having a prescription of Viagra has a psychological advantage as well as a physical one. Knowing that you have Viagra in your medicine cabinet just in case you need it, gives you a psychological boost. With time you will feel more confident as you get to know your body and how it responds to Adderall. Do Not Stop Adderall Abruptly If you are experiencing ED and think it is due to Adderall,  you might be tempted to stop taking your medication.  However, it is advisable to discuss this with your physician first, as there might be some unpleasant physical and psychiatric symptoms that may accompany stimulant withdrawal. Contributing Causes of ED Even if you think Adderall  is the cause of ED,  it is still important to tell your doctor as it could be a sign of an underlying health problem such as diabetes or heart disease, hormone problems including testosterone, a neurological disease, or may reflect other psychiatric issues such as depression. Medications It could be that ED is caused by another medication you are taking. There are many  medications  that are known to cause ED. Medications used to treat conditions that frequently  coexist  with ADHD can also result in ED.  For example, SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) such as Paxil (Paroxetine), used to treat depression and anxiety and certain antihypertensive drugs sometimes use to treat aspects of ADHD can also contribute to erectile issues. Lifestyle Factors Consuming high levels of alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, and cocaine can also result in ED. Lack of exercise, sleep, and stress could be contributing factors. This is good news because these are factors that you are in control of. By making changes to your lifestyle, you can become physically healthier and improve ED problems. Can Natural Treatments Help? There are some natural treatments that might help for ED. While natural products such as supplements and vitamins can sound like a great solution, be cautious. Natural does not automatically mean safe. Natural options can interact with prescription medication you are taking. Always check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking natural products. A Word From Verywell Having problems with ED can be stressful and cause anxiousness, depression, and affect your self-esteem. Remember, ED is not a reflection on your character, it just means there is a problem that needs to be solved.

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Midterm Exam Draft ( Parts 1 - 1726 Words

Brad Wyzykowski Professor Gerber HIS300 4/5/2017 Midterm Exam Draft (Parts 1 2) Part 1 This debate is set April 12, 1861 between a congressman from New Haven, Connecticut, of the United States of America and a congressman from Jackson, Mississippi, of the Confederate States of America. Each congressman is very well informed of the issues leading up to the Civil War. They will debate over a variety of different issues that include secession validity, race relations, a plan to win the war, and a postwar vision. Each side will have a chance to debate said facts, opinions, and convincing arguments in a respectful manner. Was slavery the main cause leading to up to the Civil War, or was it states’ rights? With so many factors at play, the†¦show more content†¦Slavery is inhumane. It portrays our country in the most negative way. Calhoun was a brilliant man, but his reasoning behind the slavery following the flag was inhumane in all aspects. If we are all equal under the constitution, then why are we denying colored people these very rights that they deserve ? Any person with a sense of humanity and life would deny your reasoning. You had no right to secede. Slavery does not follow the flag in any right-minded nation. Secession only portrays your actions as inhumane and childish.† CSA Congressman: â€Å"It is not based on the fact of inhumane ways, it is based on the act that you were in direct violation of the constitution. You must respect our constitution and our history! We took action as we should have. We were never stubborn, but right-minded, as well as driven by our roots. The election of â€Å"The Black Republican† was a complete threat to our beliefs and what we worked so hard for. Secession was completely necessary at this point in time. We would have been deprived of more rights if we did not secede. Every action is followed by a reaction and therefore we split. Our rights were threatened and we took action as necessary.† USA Congressman: â€Å"Congressman, it was your pride and you honor that was at stake. President Lincoln had no intentions of taking away your rights. His values are very traditional, just as his attitude is. We are all driven by our roots of history. Secession wasShow MoreRelatedBusn/278 Budgeting and Forecasting – Course Project – Weekly Discussions -Midterm Exam1511 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussions -Midterm Exam Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/busn-278/busn278-budgeting-and-forecasting-course-project-weekly-discussions-midterm-exam/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com BUSN278 Week 1 Section 1.0 Executive Summary (Draft) BUSN 278 Week 2 Section 2.0 Sales Forecast (Draft) BUSN278 Week 3 Section 3.0 Capital Expenditure Budget (Draft) BUSN278 Week 4 Section 4.0 Investment Analysis (Draft) BUSN278 Week 5 Section 5.1 Pro Forma Income Statement (Draft) BUSN278Read MoreDr. Kirklands Class Letter Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesit again, which is nice. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Comparison Between Pale Horse, Pale Rider By Katherine Ann...

Comparison Between Pale Horse, Pale Rider By Katherine Ann Porter And The Snows of Kilimanjaro By Ernest Hemingway This paper is going to discuss and analyze fully two short American fiction stories which are Pale horse, Pale Rider by Katherine Ann Porter and The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway. By reading the bibliographies of both these authors, one finds that Porter and Hemingway have met in a certain period of their life, where they could have shared lots of ideas and agreed on lots of different issues. By the end of reading both stories, one notices that there are lots of similarities found in both stories. One of the obviously noticed similarity is the autobiographical elements†¦show more content†¦The author effectively uses the dream to foreshadow the evil and tragedy that will affect Miranda from the world she lives in. after the dream the author moves the reader from the world of Mirandas imagination to the real world by stating an indirect everyday thought But let me get a fine yawn first. The dream world represents the real world. On the other hand, in The Snows of Kilimanjaro the fantasy world and memories of Harrys past are shown by an italic style of typed text, which can be easily determined. Most of Harrys (the protagonist) memories are of his past as a writer and his love affairs. Harry lives his life through his past, he regrets everything he done, hes mentally and physically ill. Harry is very bitter towards the woman, his companion on the wild African safari, his remarks were very cruel and harsh, for example you bitch, you rich bitch. Perhaps the inspiration of Harrys character came from Hemingway who was misogynist himself. Harry blames his failure on everyone but he havent got the cpurage to face reality and blame himself, she shot very well this good, this rich bitch, this kindly

Motion in inferno Free Essays

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion in inferno or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected. The motions of Minos make him out to be a wielder, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself. The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the motion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom. Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once. The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment. Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15). The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossible) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose. Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts. They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find themselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied. This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source. Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell. In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace. Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a respite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself. It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them. Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish. How to cite Motion in inferno, Essay examples

Motion in inferno Free Essays

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion in inferno or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected. The motions of Minos make him out to be a wielder, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself. The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the motion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom. Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once. The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment. Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15). The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossible) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose. Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts. They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find themselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied. This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source. Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell. In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace. Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a respite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself. It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them. Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish. How to cite Motion in inferno, Essay examples

Saturday, April 25, 2020

Self-Reflection Exercise †Many Me’s Essay Example

Self-Reflection Exercise – Many Me’s Essay Self-Reflection Exercise – Many Me’s Questionnaire Words or phrases I use to describe my physical self 1. I am 5’4† with blue eyes and a bright smile We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Reflection Exercise – Many Me’s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Reflection Exercise – Many Me’s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Reflection Exercise – Many Me’s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. I am petite____________________________________ 3. I am graceful________________________________________ 4. I am athletic___________________________________________ 5. I am beautiful__________________________________________ Words or phrases I use to describe my personality 6. I am loyal__________________________________ 7. I am cautious____________________________ 8. I am impatient____________________________________ 9. I am adventurous and out-going_______________________________ 10. I am contemplative________________________________________ Words or phrases I use to describe my social self (me interacting with others) 11. I am friendly 12. I am empathetic 13. I am caring 14. I am funny 15. I am kind Words or phrases I use to describe my character traits 16. I am a people person 17. I am ambitious and broad-minded 18. I am mature 19. I am motivated 20. I am reliable Words or phrases I use to describe my skills and abilities 21. I am gifted 22. I am creative 23. I am intelligent 24. I am resourceful 25. I am goal-oriented Part 2: a. Which of these identities is the most fundamental to your sense of self? My personality traits are most fundamental to my sense of self. I believe that my success in all other areas of my life will be determined by my personality. It is important for me to develop a personality that is in line with my goals and future aspirations. My personality also determines my character; for instance, if I were lazy I would not be ambitious and broad-minded. My personality is the most fundamental to my sense of self because it is what makes me unique and different from other people. b. To which of these identities are you most strongly committed and why? In life, one should endeavor to develop each aspect of his/her identity. However, one should take the time to analyze which aspect of their identity is most crucial to them at the present and in future. Currently, I am most strongly committed to developing my skills and abilities because I believe that they will determine my life. This is because the things I hold most important in my life currently are progress and success, and in order to achieve this, I will need to be strongly committed to sharpening my skills and abilities. c. How were or are other people important to developing your most important self-concepts? Other people play an important role in helping me develop my most important self-concepts because they provide guidance and advice on whether I am on the right track, this is especially true with my skills and abilities. I have developed useful skills and abilities through the guidance of my mentors, teachers, colleagues and role models. I believe that one cannot learn on their own. In order to develop in any field, one needs to interact with other like-minded people. In order to get advise and constructive criticism. Friends and family have played a key role in the development of my personality-traits. My upbringing and socialization have contributed to both my positive and negative personality traits. Although I believe that one should not blame something that they may not like about themselves on other people, because they have the power to make changes. d. How have your images of self changed over the last five years? Over the last five years, there have been significant changes in my life, which in turn have altered my image of self. In the last five years, I have moved out of home, gone to university where I was prepared both mentally and socially to become a mature and independent person. Through the people I have met and the experiences I have had over this period, I have become self-confident because I know that I am able to cope with life’s challenges and triumphs. Therefore, my image of self has improved significantly over the last five years, because I am confident in my competence. e. Have you ever had your self-concepts challenged? I have had my self-concepts challenged a few times, especially where I have put in a lot of effort towards the accomplishment of a certain goal and have failed to achieve it. In such a situation, I may sometimes feel that my skills and abilities are not up-to-par. My external environment sometimes challenges my concept of my physical self, especially where media lauds certain physical attributes over others; for instance, taller women may be considered more beautiful or graceful than shorter women.

Wednesday, March 18, 2020

Law Regulations about Cyber Crimes and their Efficiency essayEssay Writing Service

Law Regulations about Cyber Crimes and their Efficiency essayEssay Writing Service Law Regulations about Cyber Crimes and their Efficiency essay Law Regulations about Cyber Crimes and their Efficiency essayThere exist a great number of cyber crimes that should be taken into consideration when analyzing the problem of jurisdiction and law regulations in regard to the violations within the cyberspace. There can be specified different degrees of the existing crimes that generally depend on the services acquired without authorization or certain harm caused to the property or services. Among the degrees of criminal activity within Internet there should be specified the computer crimes that create certain risk of severe physical injury to people using the worldwide web.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following research analyzes a number of computer crimes and correlating law regulations. Among the most widely spread crimes are theft or interruption of the computer services, unauthorized access to someone’s computer system, misuse of one’s computer system data or even the destruction of the computer eq uipment. Accordingly, there exist certain laws purposed for regulating the criminal activity in the network. Some laws are reasonably applied and turn to be fruitful in the struggle against cyber crimes. However, there are also laws that require certain modifications.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should be admitted that the analysis of cyber crimes and correlating laws should start with the very definition of cyber crimes. Thus, these are criminal offenses committed by means of the Internet or performed by different kinds of computer technologies, including the use of some kinds of social networks to bully Internet users or sending some sexually explicit photos by means of a smart phone. It should be admitted that cyber crimes represent quite a new phenomenon. However, a great number of offenses that can be committed via computers or smart phones, such as theft or underage pornography, can be committed in person before a person comes of age. On the whole, any cyber crime is likely to be committed by means of networking computer technologies.In many states, computer crime laws are designed to prohibit computer users from performing certain illegal actions without authorization. Such computer crimes include improper access of a computer or network, modification or damage of certain programs or data, sending viruses or contaminating the computer systems in some other way, interfering with someone’s computer use or access and a great number of other violations.In order to protect oneself from such kind of cyber crimes, there has been designed a great deal of laws aimed at regulating the rate of crimes within the network. Some people are not able to conduct their business or simply feel safe when using the computer because of the high rate of criminal activity in the network. There are basic laws of how to feel safe in the cyberspace. Thus, a person should be careful when giving personal information such as bank account codes or social secu rity numbers over the Internet. Another advice is to learn the warning signs of some sort of fraudulent behavior in the worldwide web. One should be especially careful and take these elementary precautions in order to keep one’s system data private. A person should use passwords that would be difficult to hack or change. Moreover, a person is advised not to perform any financial transactions when using public computers or over poorly protected networks. Finally, the anti-virus program should be good enough to protect the computer from viruses.Furthermore, it needs to be mentioned that there exist a number of laws and statutes aimed at preventing the risk of theft, abuse and fraud. In fact, laws against misuse of computer system, for example, turn to be effective and not so many people admit that their personal information has been used for improper purposes. Certain minor offenses are also considered to be less harmful to the Internet users and the jurisdiction seems able to protect the computer users from a great number of minor offenses. On the other hand, such laws as the law to protect computers from explicit pornography turns to be not so efficient. A great number of people get pornography-related viruses on their computers and often ask computer specialists for help. Pornography has become a real disaster within the cyber space and the situation seems to get worse. This is the case when law seems to be fruitless in the attempt to bring cyber crime to an end.Nowadays, the whole world is more interconnected than ever in the history of humanity. However, increased connectivity leads to the increased risk of fraud, abuse and theft. Various security sectors highlight the importance of the national protection from various kinds of cyber crimes. Nevertheless, not all laws launched by the security sectors seem to bring positive results.As the American nation becomes more reliant and dependant on modern technologies, it becomes more and more vulnerable to various cyber attacks, including corporate security violations, the majority of which take place when hackers start exploiting employees by means of social scams and engineering. Some hackers target the employees via emails that are supposed to be from their colleagues within their organizations. It allows cyber criminals to steal and misuse personal data of the employees. However, the laws set against the above-stated violations seem to be quite effective and prevent employees from being mistreated by cyber criminals. On the other hand, social media frauds happen more and more often and there seems to be no remedy from this kind of cyber crimes. Cyber criminals increasingly use social media and social network to engage in the identity thefts and make individuals download dangerous codes or reveal their own passwords.To address the ever increasing threats and risks of cyber crimes, the Department of Homeland Security, shortened to DHS, works directly with the private and public part ners to ensure security within the cyberspace. Moreover, the National Association of State Chief Information Officers or NASCIO also tries to promote cyber security and the awareness of people about different kinds of crimes existing in today’s cyberspace. In general, the most important thing to ensure cyber security lies in promoting digital literacy among all users of worldwide web. The US Immigrations and Customs Enforcement, also known as ICE, is dedicated to struggling against cyber crimes as well. Various Cyber Crimes Centers also work to prevent crimes in the cyberspace and eliminate cyber incidents.In such a way, much is being done to prevent criminal activity in the Internet. It should be admitted that some laws turn out to be quite efficient, while others are almost totally fruitless and bring little or no result in the struggle against cyber crimes. The above paper analyzed the most frequently occurring crimes existing in the cyberspace of modern days and the best and worst ways to bring them to an end. Much has already been done, but the question of cyber criminal activity is still under discussion.

Sunday, March 1, 2020

Tip for Reusing a Turkey Thermometer

Tip for Reusing a Turkey Thermometer Did you know you could re-use the thermometer that comes with many frozen turkeys? It makes sense, when you think about it. Those thermometers contain a ball of metal and a spring. The thermometer is designed such that the metal will melt at the safe temperature for turkey meat (~180Â °F), releasing the spring and popping up the button. To reset the thermometer all you have to do is dip the tip of the thermometer in hot water (near-boiling will definitely work) to melt the metal. Push the button back down and remove the thermometer from the water, keeping the button depressed. Wait about a minute for the metal to cool, locking the spring back into place. There you go! If you dont cook turkey all that often, remember the thermometer is good for chicken or other poultry, too. Its much smaller than the typical meat thermometer and also much less likely to injure your hand if you go fishing around in a drawer for a thermometer that you rarely use. Youd need to cut open a turkey thermometer to confirm it is metal that holds the spring, as opposed to some polymer, but if is metal inside the thermometer, you should discard any thermometer with a damaged coating. Metals with low melting points tend to be toxic, after all. This also means that if you cut open your thermometer to examine its workings, you should use care and dispose of your experiment out of reach of children or pets.

Friday, February 14, 2020

Yorkshire Police Merger Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Yorkshire Police Merger - Case Study Example "Members have looked closely at the two options deemed acceptable by the Home Secretary, a merger with North Yorkshire or the creation of a single regional force. It was felt that either option would have significant disadvantages for the people of West Yorkshire, including an increase in council tax for no apparent benefit. Members were also concerned about a short-term drop in performance and a weakening of accountability and governance structures due to the size of the proposed new force areas. Reports from both the Authority and the Force reflect the feeling that the creation of a single regional force would be particularly bad for West Yorkshire. "The Authority attempted to resolve these concerns with Ministers prior to this meeting but have yet to receive appropriate reassurances. Whilst the Authority fully accepts the need for the policing service to provide an adequate level of protective services to all citizens, it feels there may be other options which would achieve the same outcomes but with fewer penalties for the people of West Yorkshire. The West Yorkshire option is the only one we could agree to support at this stage based on known costs, performance and other criteria. Voluntary agreement for anything else will only be considered at a later date." (West Yorkshire Police Authority, Press Releases, 20th December 2005)West Yorkshire Police Merger 4 On the 12th of July 2006, the Home Office announced that it was revising plans to merge police forces in England and Wales. Police Authorities will be given more time and freedom to come up with plans to improve protective services, without requiring amalgamations this commended by the police minister, Tony McNulty Councillor Mark Burns-Williamson, Chair of West Yorkshire Police Authority, said he was delighted with the announcement. "It is well known that members of the Police Authority were not in favor of the proposed merger with the other three forces in the region. Our

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Burjeel hospital ( abu dhabi ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Burjeel hospital ( abu dhabi ) - Research Paper Example Developments within the standards of the healthcare domain of the country have been one of the major aspects, which must be duly considered for deriving positive outcomes. The standard, which has been practiced within the healthcare industry of the nation, is identified to remain at par with the prevailing healthcare issues in the global business sector (Alhyas, Nielsen, Dawoud & Majeed, 2013). The number of chronic disease prevailing within the country i.e. the UAE is noted to be an ever increasing trend in recent years, which further demands for extensive development of the sector in terms of delivering effective healthcare services to the people of the country. In order to acquire more in-depth understanding about the topic of the research, Burjeel Hospital of the UAE has been taken into concern for discussion (Burjeel Hospital, 2015). Thus, with this concern, the research paper intends to develop a marketing plan for the healthcare organization i.e. Burjeel Hospital, which is operating in the nation for several years. The aim of the plan will be to ensure long-term sustainability and attain competitive advantage as compared to others operating within the overall healthcare sector of the nation. The healthcare organization chosen for this particular research study is Burjeel Hospital operating in the region of Abu Dhabi of the UAE. Notably, this particular healthcare organization is one of the biggest and most prestigious healthcare organizations operating in the nation. Apart from the effectiveness of the healthcare services being provided to the patients, the hospital is also known for its grandeur and magnificence in terms of infrastructural development. The management of the healthcare unit not only believed in the deliverance of quality healthcare services to the end users, but also offering the same in cost-effective manner. The organization also ensures providing world-class facilities to the customers based on which they could be cured as early as

Friday, January 24, 2020

Role of the Chorus in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedip

What is the Role of the Chorus in Oedipus the King ? In answering this question, I will look at the question in two ways. Firstly, I will look at the role of the chorus objectively, examining the basic role of the chorus in the play, and looking at the role of the Chorus as Sophocles would have intended the role of the Chorus to be understood. However, I will then look at how I think the Greek audience would have perceived the role of the Chorus and then how the role of the Chorus is perceived today by a 20th century and examine the key differences in the two different sets of perceptions. Finally, I will look at the importance of the role of the Chorus to a 20th century audience and a Greek audience respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chorus in the play Oedipus has three basic functions. Firstly, to act as bystanders throughout the play, observing what goes on, reacting and offering opinions at regular intervals throughout the play (e.g. when Oedipus accuses Croon irrationally of conspiring against him, the Chorus says "To one who fears fall, his words seem good; O king, swift counsels are not always safe") In this role they are important to the play as they often offer the voice of reason during moments of heated debate, the voice of fear and confusion during Oedipus' downfall, which seems to mirror the audience's reaction and emotion in many situations throughout the play. The Chorus are also used as a sort of receptive audience for passages of description over what has gone on behind closed doors (e.g. after Jocasta has realised the truth the second messenger describes the scene inside the palace to the Chorus: "Within the porch, straight to the couch she rushed, her bridal bed, and tore her hair")   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly,... ... happens. Also they maintain the continuity as their being present removes any need for scene or act changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Greek theatre they take on a significant role of emphasising the storyline by groups speaking in unison rather than one single actor trying to reach the ears of around 17,000 listeners. They were after-all a very natural part of Greek theatre and their absence would certainly reflect an unorthodox presentation. They also keep the emotion running as any scene changing can be done during their narrative sections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a 20th Century production the chorus perform a seemingly less essential role. As there would be ample amplification of sound the chorus could be projected to the role of town folk who would fit into the structure of the play neatly. Works Cited: Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991.

Thursday, January 16, 2020

Pglo

2/15/2013 background on transformation of bacteria with pGLO plasmid Experiment #5 Aim: Purpose of this lab is to have plasmid activity transformed Material: Bacteria starter plate, pGLO DNA Plasmid, microcentrifuge tubes, Ice, water bath, CaCl2 Transformation solution, (LB) agar plate, (LB/Amp) agar plate, (LB/Amp/ara) agar plate, Micropipette, and Micropipette tips. Method: Genetic transformation is a procedure which is done by taking genes from one organism and putting them in another organism.A gene is a piece of DNA that instruct for making a new protein and from this protein organism a certain trait. A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait. This procedure lab is divided into two day lab. On day one, we started the procedure with getting agar plate where HB101 bacteria were growing for 24 hours at 37C. We began by first labeling two microtubes; one with (+pGLO) and second with (-pGLO). 250ul of transformation solution which we used (CaC l2) was transfer to each tubes and placed those tubes on ice.HB101 bacteria single colony was picked by using sterile inoculation loop and immersed into (+pGLO) tube and later immersed into (-pGLO) using same technique. Both time we used different sterile inoculation loop. The tubes were placed back into the ice after mixing well the colony each time. The pGLO plasmid DNA was added by the instructor into (+pGLO) not into (-PGLO) tube and placed the tube back into ice. The tubes were incubated on ice for 10 minutes. Once done incubating both tubes were performed heat shocks at 42 degree C temperature for 50 second.Both tubes were immediately placed into the ice for another 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, 250ul of LB broth was added to each tube and again incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Once the incubation was done, we transferred 100ul of cell suspension to the plates which was provided by using the table LB/Amp| LB/Amp/ara| LB/Amp| LB| (+pGLO)| (+pGLO)| (-pGLO)| (-pGLO)| O nce the cell suspension was transferred, cells were gently spread 10 swipes using inoculation loop on the agar and rotated the plate 45 degree. The plates were placed into incubator at 37 degrees by turning he tubes upside down and taping them. Result:

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Statutory provisions Unfair dismissal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5284 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? To what extent do the statutory provisions governing unfair dismissal provide an effective right not to be unfairly dismissed? When looking at the statutory provisions that are aimed at preventing unfair dismissal it is necessary to firstly define what would be classed as unfair dismissal and then to examine the various statutes and regulations that have been implemented to try to prevent employers from unfairly dismissing an employee. Having established all of these it is then possible to examine the effectiveness of the provisions and reach a conclusion as to how effective these are. Unfair dismissal occurs where the employer dismisses an employee without good reason. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Statutory provisions: Unfair dismissal" essay for you Create order An unfair dismissal can be automatically unfair. Such a dismissal is deemed to have occurred where the employer has not followed a proper dismissal procedure before dismissing the employee[1]. An automatic unfair dismissal can occur where an employee is dismissed because she is pregnant[2], the employee was attempting to enforce a right under law or an employee was taking action against the company on a health and safety issue. Where an automatic unfair dismissal occurs for one of the reasons listed above the requirement that the employee must have been employed for a last a year does not apply. In cases where the employee has refused to work on a Sunday or was taking action in trade union activities or was dismissed for blowing the whistle on another employee the year rule has often been overlooked. A dismissal will also be automatically unfair if it is as a result of the business that the employee has worked for being taken over by a new owner, although this would still require the employee to have worked for the employer for at least a year. Similarly dismissing an employee for failing to declare a spent conviction would be automatically unfair and an action could be brought by the employee for such a dismissal. If an employee can show that their dismissal was connected to their race, gender, or some form of disability then a claim for unfair dismissal is likely to succeed. These categories of employees are protected by various Acts designed to protect them from being treated unfairly in the workplace. The introduction of such anti-discrimination legislation[3] and the culture of challenging any dismissal that might be potentially unfair have produced an abundance of case law on unfair dismissal[4]. The recent changes in employment law have attempted to prevent unfair dismissal by placing statutory requirements on an employer before he can dismiss someone. Previous legislation used to regard the employee more as a servant to the employer than a cont ributing member of the workforce[5]. Over the years employment law has looked at protecting the rights of employees and attempted to ensure equal treatment for all employees on every issue including working hours, working conditions and equal pay[6]. Membership of the European Union has impacted on the areas of working hours[7] and equal pay between the sexes. Where an employee has been treated unfairly in theses areas actions have frequently been brought before the European Court for Human Rights. Many of these actions have been on the grounds of sex discrimination, disability discrimination or race discrimination. As well as anti-discriminatory legislation assisting employees from being unfairly dismissed there are also many other statutory provisions now in place designed to protect an employee from unfair dismissal. Under the Employment Rights Act 1996 section 94 and employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed[8]. Where an employer does decide to dismiss an employee a duty is placed on the employer under section 98 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 to prove that the dismissal was fair[9]. Potentially fair reasons for dismissal include the capability[10] of the person to be able to do the job or their qualification for that role. A dismissal can also be potentially fair if the employee is dismissed for behaving in an inappropriate manner[11], as a result of redundancy[12], the employee is involved is some form of legal process such as a driver who loses his right to drive through some form of proceedings against him or any other substantial reason for the dismissal[13].Although these are potentially fair reasons for dismissal they can give rise for a claim for unfair dismissal if the employer fails to take the proper steps before dismissing them. Where an employer proposes to dismiss an employee on the grounds of capability[14] or qualifications the employer has a duty to consult with the employee and any line manager or supervisor responsi ble for that employee[15]. The employee would have to be given every opportunity to reach the required standard[16]. Before moving to a dismissal an employer should ensure that the employee has been offered any suitable training that might assist the employee in reaching the standard[17]. If an employee makes a specific request for training in a particular aspect of their role and the employer does not provide this training a claim for unfair dismissal might be able to be brought against the employer[18]. When dealing with dismissals for inappropriate behaviour an employer is under a duty to follow the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disciplinary procedure to ensure that all efforts have been made to curb the behaviour of the employee[19]. When an employee commences work with a new employer they should be supplied with an employment contract. This contract should give an outline of what would be considered inappropriate behaviour[20]. Within the contract should be information regardin g the company policy in dealing with such issues. Where an employer proposes on dismissing an employee for inappropriate behaviour they should remind the employee of the company policy and explain how the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour has breached this policy. An opportunity should be given to the employee to alter their behaviour and to attain the standard required by the company. If after being given the opportunity to amend their behaviour the employee still continues to behave in the same manner an employer would be able to dismiss the employee and would be unlikely to bring an action for unfair dismissal[21]. Dismissal as a result of redundancy can cause problems on the basis of selection for redundancy. To try to avoid a claim for unfair dismissal an employer should explore all the other options available to them including the possibility of the redeployment of the employee in an alternative role[22]. To make redundancies there has to be good sound business reaso ns to remove the post that the employee has been engaged in[23]. When selecting employees for redundancy an employer should ensure that the selection has been handled fairly[24]. Claims for unfair dismissal might arise if the company dismissed a female employee in preference to a male employee because they preferred to have a man in that role. Actions for unfair dismissal in these instances would centre on sex discrimination. Similar actions could occur using the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 if an able bodied employee is chosen over a disabled employee[25]. A further area in which unfair dismissal might be claimed is if the employer dismisses the employee as a result of criminal charges being brought against the employee[26]. Employers should bear in mind that someone charged with an offence might not necessarily be found guilty of the charges against them and a dismissal before the outcome of the case is known could give rise to a claim for unfair dismissal. On some occasi ons employers have suspended the employees from work when they have been made aware that criminal charges have been brought against an employee[27]. The effect of such a suspension could impact on the case against the employee as a jury might be influenced by the actions of the employer in assuming the guilt of the employee. The suspension might suggest to a jury that the employer believes the employee to be guilty. Such a dismissal before a trial is likely to give rise to a claim for unfair dismissal as the employer would appear to be making an assumption of guilt before the employee has been to court. Where the offence involves a driving offence and the employee was employed as a driver the employer might be left with no alternative but to dismiss the employee as they can no longer carry out the job they were employed to do[28]. In such circumstances an employer should attempt to redeploy the employee elsewhere within the company until they are entitled to drive again before co nsidering terminating their employment. If no such alternative work is available then the employer would be justified in terminating the employment and it is unlikely that any claim for unfair dismissal would succeed as the employee has effectively made himself unemployable by getting a banned from driving. The Employment Act 2002 has brought in a number of amendments to the ways in which an employer should proceed before they dismiss an employee. Schedule II of the Act lists two ways in which an employer can proceed towards dismissal. In Chapter 1 of the Schedule the standard dismissal procedure is divided into three stages that an employer should comply with before dismissing an employee. This has been defined as the Dismissal and disciplinary procedure[29]. In the first stage 1(1) the employer must set out in writing the employees alleged conduct or characteristics, or other circumstances, which lead him to contemplate dismissing or taking disciplinary action against the em ployee and (2) must send the statement or a copy of it to the employee and invite the employee to attend a meeting to discuss the matter. The second stage of the process is the meeting. A meeting should take place before any disciplinary action is taken unless the employee is to be suspended from work. The meeting should only take place if the employee has 2 (2) (a) been informed what the basis was for including in the statement under paragraph 1(1) the ground or grounds given in it, and (b) the employee has had a reasonable opportunity to consider his response to that information. Having been given the appropriate notice and grounds for the dismissal (3) the employee must take all reasonable steps to attend the meeting[30]. Directly after the meeting the employee should be notified of the decision made by the employer. At this point the employee must be informed of his right to appeal if he disagrees with the decision[31]. Where the employee does disagree with the decision an appeal should be lodged by the employee[32]. The employee has a duty to notify his employer of his intention to appeal and another meeting must be arranged between the employee and the employer[33]. Employees have a duty to ensure they take all the necessary steps to attend the meeting[34]. At this stage an employer can dismiss or suspend the employee before the second meeting occurs[35]. As with the first meeting the employee must be informed of the employersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision immediately after the meeting is concluded[36]. The second way in which a dismissal can operate is under a modified procedure as outlined in Schedule II. Under the modified procedure the employer has dismissed the employee before the meeting takes place. The employer has a duty to outline the reason for the dismissal to the employee and advise them of their right to appeal that decision. If an employee chooses to appeal then a meeting will be held with the employer giving the emplo yee his decision at the end of the meeting. Section 30 of the Dispute Resolutions is concerned with contracts of employment. This section of the Act requires both the employee and the employer to comply with the procedures for dismissal where such statutory requirements are necessary. Under this regulation employers have a duty to issue in writing the reasons why they are considering terminating the employment[37] and invite the employee to either attend a meeting to discuss this before the dismissal is enacted or inform the employee of the right to appeal and then hold a meeting if the employee wishes to appeal. If there is no statutory requirement to follow such procedures then the employee would not be able to enforce the procedure[38]. Situations such as this could arise where the company operates a policy of issuing two verbal warnings followed by one written warning before the employee can be dismissed. The employer can avoid the verbal and written warning stage if the c onduct of the employee is such that instant dismissal is warranted. There is no statutory requirement to issue such warnings despite this sometimes being incorporated into a contract of employment. A failure to give such warnings would not allow an employee to assert his rights under the contract[39]. The disciplinary procedures listed above where introduced by the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004. The aim of these Regulations was to reduce the number of dismissals where there might have been alternative ways to avoid such dismissals. The Dispute Regulations added amendments to the Employment Act 2002 making it a direct requirement that all employers must have a disciplinary procedure in place that meets the requirements as laid down by the Regulations[40]. These Regulations are applicable to all employers regardless of the size the company is and can be applied even if the company only has one employee[41]. The procedures listed under section 3 of th e Dispute Resolutions Regulations have to be adhered to before an employee can be dismissed. Where an employee feels they have been unfairly dismissed the Regulations provide the employee with guidance on brining a grievance procedure against their employer under section 6 of the Regulations[42]. In situations where the employer is proposing on taking an action which if carried out could allow the employee to bring a complaint in an employment tribunal the standard grievance procedure is applicable[43]. A modified grievance procedure is applied if the employee has already been dismissed. The employer is able to avoid the requirements of the Dismissal and disciplinary procedure under certain circumstances these being that they reasonably believe that doing so would result in a significant threat to themselves, any other person[44], or their or any other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property, they have been subjected to harassment[45] and reasonably believe that doing so would result in further harassment[46], because it is not practicable within a reasonable period, they dismiss a group of employees but offer to re-engage them on or before termination of their employment[47], there are collective redundancies and they consult with employee representatives[48], the business closes down suddenly because of an unforeseen event or the employee is no longer able to work because they are in breach of legal requirements[49]. The times when an employer can avoid having to adhere to the disciplinary and dismissal procedures are listed in section 11 of the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004. It is obvious that the areas highlighted above where the dismissal and disciplinary procedure can be circumvented should be treated in this manner. It would be unconscionable to expect an employer to have to allow an employee to continue in their employment when there could be a significant threat to themselves or others[50] or where they have been subjecte d to harassment by the employee[51]. It is also obvious that where the company is closing down that redundancy will be inevitable and it would be impossible to avoid making employees redundant. Other areas of legislation designed to protect employees for unfair dismissal include the Employment Rights Act 1996. This Act specifically deals with employment contracts[52] and requires employers to give new employees a written statement[53] concerning the particulars of their employment[54]. The written statements should include the names of both the employee and the employer, the date when the employment began and the date when the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s continuous employment began taking into account any past employment with a previous employer that might count towards continuous service. The statement should also outline the rate of pay of the employee, the contractual hours the frequency of pay, entitlement to holidays, sick pay, maternity leave and pension schemes and the per iod of notice the employee is required to give when leaving that employment[55]. A brief description of the specifications of the role should be included so that the employee knows the tasks they are expected to perform. Employers could find this part of the contract useful if they need to dismiss an employee for being incapable of performing the duties they are required to do. They could also use this part of the contract if the employees work is not up to standard or if they are refusing to do a particular task by relying on the contract they could prove that the employee was aware of the standard required and the role requirements from the start of their employment[56]. The disciplinary procedures should also be contained within the written statement or should refer them to specific documents that specify such rules. Such documents have to be easily accessible so that an employee knows of their rights should disciplinary action be commenced against them[57]. Where an emp loyee has been dismissed or is about to be dismissed they have a right to bring grievance procedures. The grievance procedure that has been established as a result of the Regulations has meant that it is now more difficult for an employer to be able to dismiss an employee. Those wishing to bring a grievance are under a duty to bring an action without delay. The meeting to discuss the grievance must be arranged at a reasonable time and suitable location for all parties. At the meeting both parties must be allowed to explain their case. If the employee is bringing an appeal against an earlier decision then the meeting should be chaired by a more senior manager then previously if at all possible. Employees can choose to be accompanied at the meeting or any subsequent appeal. The meeting should accommodate the needs of the employee so that they are not disadvantaged. This is particularly relevant where the employee is disabled[58]. The Regulations do allow a delay on some occasion s in particular where a grievance action cannot be brought swiftly due to illness, incapacity or the cessation of the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. Neither party will be held to be at fault if one of the above applies. A meeting must be rearranged if the employer, employee or employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companion[59] cannot attend a meeting for a reason that was not reasonably foreseeable at the time the meeting was arranged. Occasions where this might arise could be if one of the parties becomes ill or their car breaks down on the way to the meeting. If the failure to attend the meeting is for a reason that is reasonably foreseeable then neither party will be under any further statutory obligation to arrange a further meeting. Any compensation awarded by a tribunal could be affected by the failure of the party to attend the meeting. If the employee fails to attend the compensation could be reduced whereas if the employer fails to attend the compensation could be increase d. Where the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companion cannot attend the employee must propose an alternative date within five days[60]. If this is acceptable to the employer then he should invite all parties to attend on the new date. An employer is obliged to rearrange a meeting once. If the meeting falls through a second time then neither party is under a statutory obligation to rearrange for a further meeting, even if the reason for the non-attendance at the second meeting is unforeseeable. The Regulations have also impacted on being able to extend time limits for the bringing of tribunal proceedings[61]. The Regulations allow for such an extension: If an employee attempts to present a tribunal application arising from a grievance within the normal time limit for doing so under the relevant jurisdiction, but he/she has not written the step one letter[62] under the procedure and allowed twenty-eight days, the tribunal will decline to register the application as the relevant admissibility conditions will not have been met. This will however trigger an automatic three month extension[63] of the time limit from the date it would otherwise have expired. In this event the claimant must send a step one letter by no later than 28 days after the date when the normal time limit would have expired. If he/she does so there will be an opportunity to present a valid tribunal claim under the jurisdiction in question within the extended time limit. If not, however, he/she will be barred from doing so. The Regulations also allow for penalties to be imposed against those who do not follow the grievance procedures. S31 allows a tribunal to increase or decrease compensation by ten percent for failing to comply with the statutory procedures. To try to assist with disputes in the workplace some companies have developed their own dispute resolution procedures between the employers and the trade unions. These schemes allow an employee to bring a grievance through an in formal route rather than through statutory procedures. Where these schemes operate the courts can infer that the statutory procedure has been followed. By treating this action as though the statutory procedure has been followed employers are prevented from dismissing an employer and then asserting that the employee filed to follow the statutory procedure for bringing a grievance. The effect of disputes being resolved in the workplace rather than in a tribunal can be quite immense in financial terms. Tribunals tend to be costly and in a sense there are no winners in a tribunal. A dismissed employee might be awarded compensation but re-instatement might not be ordered or might not be appropriate. In these cases the employee may be significantly worse off financially as they would only have the compensation money and no regular income from employment. When trying to gain alternative employment the employee might face difficulty as the prospective employer is likely to be aware of th e tribunal proceedings brought against the previous employer and be reluctant to employ the person for that reason. For the employer who loses at the tribunal the loss is mostly monetary, though the publicity that is attracted during the hearing could also impact on the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business. This might particularly be the case if the complaint by the employee is one of sexual discrimination or disability discrimination. Such an employer could become the target of others who wish to exploit the fact that the employer has already lost one case on these grounds It could be argued that the introduction of the Regulations has reduced the number of dismissals as employers are now faced with increased likelihood of unfair dismissal claims being brought against them should they fail to follow the correct disciplinary procedure before dismissing an employee. Employers should make themselves aware of the required procedure in order to avoid such claims. The advantages to the changes that have been brought about by the Regulation are that employers are now under a duty to ensure that they have followed the disciplinary procedure before they can dismiss an employee, claims for unfair dismissal can be avoided if the correct procedure is followed before the dismissal is ordered, and grievances can be aired in the workplace rather than before a tribunal which could prevent the employee from being dismissed. It would appear that the regulations and Acts now in force are designed more to protect the rights of employer than for the protection of employers rights. The contract of employment would appear to offer protection from dismissal to employees but is counterbalanced by requiring the employees to work to specific standards and to perform certain tasks that their role dictates. The general trend of more and more cases of unfair dismissal being brought in industrial tribunals would seem to suggest that employers are failing to heed the requirements t hat statute and employment contracts place on them. A substantial amount of claims for unfair dismissal still revolve around sex discrimination or disability discrimination which would seem to be an indicator that employers have not take on board fully the impact of the legislation in these areas. In order to reduce the amount of unfair dismissal hearings employers are going to need to exercise even greater care to ensure full compliance with disciplinary procedures. If they adhered more closely to these procedures then the issue of gender or disability often raised would be diluted and there would be fewer matters raised before a tribunal The use of dispute resolutions in the workplace is likely to limit the damage for both the employer and the employee. The employee is more likely to be able to remain in their employment. For the employer, once they have followed the correct procedure they are less likely to face a claim for unfair dismissal if the employee fails to improve in their performance at work or to modify their behaviour where such a compliant has been made against them. As more companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and employers become aware of the requirements it is likely that in the future there will be fewer cases of unfair dismissal and less people being dismissed unnecessarily. The Regulations in a sense have made it compulsory for employers to seek alternatives to dismissal, whilst still allowing instant dismissal where the behaviour if the employee is such that continued employment would be untenable as discussed above. The conclusion that can be drawn from the above is that the Regulations have impacted on the rates of dismissals of employees and have afforded them a greater degree of protection from unfair dismissal. From the employers standpoint dismissal of an employee has become more difficult and they now have to account for their reasons for dismissing someone. Employers are also under greater pressure now to ensure that employees fac ing dismissal are given the opportunity to improve their quality of work or amend their behaviour before they can move towards dismissing them. Bibliography Berry, A, Dealing with your Dismissal in One Week, 2000, Hodder Stoughton Inns of Court Law School, Employment Law in Practice, 7th Ed, 2006, Oxford University Press Painter, R Holmes, A, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, 2006, Oxford University Press Rich, M, Edwards, I, Mead, H, Meadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Unfair Dismissal, 1994, Sweet and Maxwell Employment Law Journal 2006, vol 73(Sep), 9-11 https://www.lawontheweb.co.uk https://www.journalonline.co.uk Table of Cases Ask Security Ltd v Foote Anor [2006] UKEAT 0433 Avid Technology Europe Ltd v Breedon [2006] UKEAT 0254_ British Airways Plc v Employment Appeal Tribunal Decision [2000] ScotCS 309; Bankhead v Directorate of Naval Reserves Ors (Unfair Dismissal/Disability Discrimination) [2003] NIIT 1142 03 Codemasters Software Co Lt d v Wong 2006 WL 3835216 Cooper v West Yorkshire Police Anor [2006] UKEAT 0035 Devlin v Royal Mail [2004] NIIT 2550 Draper v. Mears Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0174 Edem v Egg Plc Anor [2006] UKEAT 0573 European Working Time Directive No 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993 Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 Fernandez v. The Office of The Parliamentary Commissioner For Administration Anor [2006] UKEAT 0180 Fraser v Hlmad Ltd. [2006] EWCA Civ 738 (15 June 2006) Glasgow City Council v. Deans Ors [2006] UKEAT 0061 Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 GMB Trade Union Ors v Hughes Anor [2006] UKEAT 0288 Greenhoff v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council [2006] UKEAT 0093 Hamling v Coxlease School Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0181 Hospitality Training Foundation v Philip [1998] UKEAT 288 Johnson Matthey Plc v Watters [2006] UKEAT 0236 Kelly-Madden v. Manor Surgery [2006] UKEAT 0105 Kennaugh v David Lloyd-Jones (t/a Cheshire Tree Sur geons) [2006] UKEAT 0032 Lake v British Transport Police [2006] UKEAT 0154 Landeshaupstadt Kiel v Norbert Jaeger Case C-151/02 Lewald-Jezierska v Solicitors in Law Ltd Ors [2006] UKEAT 0165 Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKEAT 0331 Lipscombe v Forestry Commission [2006] UKEAT 0191 London Borough of Barnet v Ferguson [2006] UKEAT 0220 London Borough of Hounslow v Klusova [2006] UKEAT 0325 London Borough of Lambeth Ors v Corlett [2006] UKEAT 0396 Marlborough Hotel v Meiris [2006] UKEAT 0256 Masterfoods (A Division of Mars UK Ltd) v Wilson [2006] UKEAT 0202 McClements v Royal Mail [2006] NIIT 1555 Metrobus Ltd v Cook 2007 WL 504769 Nenji v Birmingham Childrens Hospital NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 1108 (29 June 2001) ODonoghue v Redcar Cleveland Borough Council [2001] EWCA Civ 701 (15 May 2001) Patel v Leicester City Council 2006 WL 3877634 Pugh v National Assembly for Wales [2006] UKEAT 0251 Quigley v. University o f St Andrews [2006] UKEAT 0025 Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Theobald 2007 WL 261205 Sanmina SCI UK Ltd v. McCormack Ors [2006] UKEAT 0066 Scottish Shellfish Marketing Group Ltd v. Connelly [2006] UKEAT 0008 Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 Sindicato de MÃÆ' ©dicos de Asistencia PÃÆ' ºblica v. Conselleria de Sanidad y Consumo de la Generalidad Valenciana,, Case C-303/98 Singh (t/a Rainbow International) v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0183 The National Union of Teachers v. L Watson [2006] UKEAT 0204 Wandsworth NHS Primary Care Trust v. Obonyo [2006] UKEAT 0237 Weir Anor (The Firm of Brae Cottage Residential Home) v. Stewart [2006] UKEAT 0005 West Coast Trains Ltd v Murphy [2006] UKEAT 0064 X v Y [2004] EWCA Civ 662 (28 May 2004) Table of Statutes Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Employment Act 2002 Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolutions) Regulations 2004 Employment Rights Act 1996 Equal Pay Act 1970 Factory Acts 1833 Master and Servant Act 1932 Race Relations Act 1976 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 1 Footnotes [1] Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKEAT 0331 [2] The National Union of Teachers v. L Watson [2006] UKEAT 0204; Lake v British Transport Police [2006] UKEAT 0154 [3] Sex Discrimination Act 1975; Disability Discrimination Act 1995; Race Relations Act 1976 [4] ODonoghue v Redcar Cleveland Borough Council [2001] EWCA Civ 701 (15 May 2001); British Airways Plc v Employment Appeal Tribunal Decision [2000] ScotCS 309; Bankhead v Directorate of Naval Reserves Ors (Unfair Dismissal/Disability Discrimination) [2003] NIIT 1142 03; Edem v Egg Plc Anor [2006] UKEAT 0573 [5] Factory Acts 1833; Master and Servant Act 1932 [6] Equal Pay Act 1970 [7] European Working Time Directive No 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993; Sindicato de MÃÆ' ©dicos de Asistencia PÃÆ' ºblica v. Conselleria de Sanidad y Consumo de la Generalidad Valenciana,, Case C-303/98; Landeshaupstadt Kiel v Norbert Jaeger Case C-151/02 [8] Lewisham Social Services Anor v Jackson [2006] UKE AT 0331 [9] Kelly-Madden v. Manor Surgery [2006] UKEAT 0105 [10] London Borough of Barnet v Ferguson [2006] UKEAT 0220 [11] Johnson Matthey Plc v Watters [2006] UKEAT 0236 [12] Ask Security Ltd v Foote Anor [2006] UKEAT 0433 [13] Avid Technology Europe Ltd v Breedon [2006] UKEAT 0254_ [14] Patel v Leicester City Council 2006 WL 3877634 [15] Scottish Shellfish Marketing Group Ltd v. Connelly [2006] UKEAT 0008 [16] Devlin v Royal Mail [2004] NIIT 2550 [17] Nenji v Birmingham Childrens Hospital NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 1108 (29 June 2001) [18] Hospitality Training Foundation v Philip [1998] UKEAT 288 [19] Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 [20] Employment Rights Act 1996 s3 [21] Sidhu v. Superdrug Stores Plc [2006] UKEAT 0244 [22] Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 [23] Glasgow City Council v. Deans Ors [2006] UKEAT 0061 [24] Cooper v West Yorkshire Police Anor [2006] UKEAT 0035 [25] Hamling v Coxlease S chool Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0181; Greenhoff v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council [2006] UKEAT 0093 [26] X v Y [2004] EWCA Civ 662 (28 May 2004) [27] McClements v Royal Mail [2006] NIIT 1555 [28] Draper v. Mears Ltd [2006] UKEAT 0174 [29] Weir Anor (The Firm of Brae Cottage Residential Home) v. Stewart [2006] UKEAT 0005 [30] Marlborough Hotel v Meiris [2006] UKEAT 0256 [31] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 2(4) [32] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (1) [33] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (2) [34] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (3) [35] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (4) [36] Employment Act 2002 Schedule 2 Ch 1 3 (5) [37] Masterfoods (A Division of Mars UK Ltd) v Wilson [2006] UKEAT 0202 [38] Employment Act 2002 s30 (2) [39] Fraser v Hlmad Ltd. [2006] EWCA Civ 738 (15 June 2006) [40] London Borough of Lambeth Ors v Corlett [2006] UKEAT 0396 [41] Singh (t/a Rainbow International) v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0183 [42] Lipscombe v Forestry Commission [2006] UKEAT 0191 [43] Pugh v National Assembly for Wales [2006] UKEAT 0251 [44] Quigley v. University of St Andrews [2006] UKEAT 0025 [45] Wandsworth NHS Primary Care Trust v. Obonyo [2006] UKEAT 0237 [46] Fernandez v. The Office of The Parliamentary Commissioner For Administration Anor [2006] UKEAT 0180; Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 [47] Glasgow School of Art v. Taylor [2006] UKEAT 0011 [48] Sanmina SCI UK Ltd v. McCormack Ors [2006] UKEAT 0066 [49] London Borough of Hounslow v Klusova [2006] UKEAT 0325 [50] West Coast Trains Ltd v Murphy [2006] UKEAT 0064 [51] Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2006] UKEAT 0705 [52] GMB Trade Union Ors v Hughes Anor [2006] UKEAT 0288 [53] Lewald-Jezierska v Solicitors in Law Ltd Ors [2006] UKEAT 0165 [54] Kennaugh v David Lloyd-Jones (t/a Cheshire Tree Surgeons) [2006] UKEAT 0032 [55] Employment Rights Act 1996 s1 [56] Employment Rights A ct 1996 s1 (4) (f) [57] Employment Rights Act 1996 s3 [58] Disability Discrimination Act 1995 s6 [59] Employment Rights Act 1999 s10 [60] Employment Rights Act 1999 s10 [61] Royal Bank of Scotland Plc v Theobald 2007 WL 261205 [62] Metrobus Ltd v Cook 2007 WL 504769 [63] Codemasters Software Co Ltd v Wong 2006 WL 3835216