Age discrimination in employment (especially for older people) Research Paper

Polymer formulation

Polymer detailing Part 1 Presentation Shades are added substances in a polymer detailing which give endless prospects to originators who need to separate their item. Enactment and uprising natural mindfulness has prompted the progressive eliminating of substantial metal inorganic colors and expanded use of natural shades. Regardless of their great warmth security, light speed, tinctorial quality and minimal effort, certain natural colors are broadly known to cause huge warpage in polyethylene moldings (even at shade fixations as low as 0.1% wt).[1,2] This wonder is particularly regular in enormous slender walled moldings, for example, tops, bottle containers and trays.[3] It is commonly acknowledged that the warpage marvel is brought about by the nucleating impact these natural shades have on polyethylene. They go about as nucleating specialists, expanding crystallization rate and adjusting the morphology of moldings. Morphological changes cause higher interior pressure which prompts distortion.[2] Adding on to the issue, diverse natural shades nucleate polyethylene to various degrees, making it difficult to create moldings with indistinguishable measurements utilizing indistinguishable preparing conditions when an assortment of colors are used.[4] Various endeavors have just been made, with typically moderate achievement, to settle natural shade prompted warpage. They extend from modifying process parameters, form configuration changes, pre-treatment of shades, to fuse of extra added substances. An audit of writing in this exploration region indicated that albeit a few examinations have been led to research the joining of nucleating specialists to abrogate nucleating impacts of natural colors on polypropylene, constrained data of this sort exists for polyethylene. The particular component behind nucleating specialists superseding nucleation by natural colors is additionally still indistinct. Accordingly, it is the point of this exploration to consider the impact of nucleating specialists, in light of potassium stearate and carboxylic corrosive salts, on the crystallization and warpage conduct of high thickness polyethylene containing copper phthalocyanine green color. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Optical Microscopy (OM) will be utilized to follow the crystallization conduct of the plans and relationships between's pace of crystallization and shrinkage conduct will likewise be made. Part 2 Writing REVIEW 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallization of Semi-Crystalline Polymers 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms Crystallization includes the arrangement of an arranged structure from a cluttered stage, for example, liquefy or weaken solution.[5] The crystallization procedure of polymers is thermodynamically determined. It is represented by change in Gibbs free vitality, ÃŽG.[6] ÃŽG = ÃŽH TÃŽS (2-1) Where ÃŽH is change in enthalpy, T is outright temperature and ÃŽS is change in entropy. At the point when ÃŽG is negative, crystallization is thermodynamically great. This happens when loss of enthalpy upon crystallization surpasses the loss of entropy duplicated by total temperature. It can along these lines be inferred that as the outright temperature of the framework falls, the main thrust of crystallization will increase.[7] For a polymer to take shape, it must adjust to the accompanying requirements:[8] Atomic structure must be sufficiently customary to permit crystalline requesting Crystallization temperature must be underneath liquefying point however not near glass progress temperature Nucleation must happen before crystallization Crystallization rate ought to be adequately high A hundred percent crystallinity is unimaginable in polymers because of components, for example, chain snares, thick drag and expanding. In this way they are named ‘semi-crystalline. All semi-crystalline polymers show an exceptional balance liquefying temperature above which crystallites soften and underneath which a liquid polymer begins to take shape. The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-advance procedure comprising precious stone nucleation and gem growth.[6] 2.1.2. Essential Nucleation Essential nucleation can be characterized as the arrangement of short-run requested polymer accumulations in liquefy which go about as a central revolve around which crystallization can occur.[9] There are three components of essential nucleation, in particular, homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation and direction prompted nucleation.[10] 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation Homogeneous nucleation includes the unconstrained making of core in a semi-crystalline polymer soften when it is cooled beneath its harmony liquefying temperature.[7] This procedure is named as inconsistent as cores are framed in convenient succession.[11] Creation of cores happens when factual variety inside a polymer dissolve brings about the arrangement of requested gatherings of chain sections bigger than a basic size[7]; for the most part between 2-10nm.[11] Below this basic size, the cores are unsteady and might be destroyed.[11] For the most part, super-cooling to between 50-100Â °C underneath balance dissolving temperature is negligibly required to accomplish genuine homogeneous nucleation.[12] The super-cooling is credited to the vitality obstruction homogeneous cores are required to defeat to reach stability.[7]. At the point when sub-atomic portions pack close to one another to frame an incipient organism, there is an adjustment in free vitality, ÃŽG, brought about by two restricting systems. The making of new precious stone surface builds free vitality (ÃŽS is negative) while the decrease in volume of the framework diminishes free vitality (ÃŽ(U+pV) ≈ ÃŽH is negative). The two contradicting instruments lead to a size-subordinate free vitality bend which characterizes basic core size.[13] A little incipient organism has high surface to volume proportion thus ÃŽG is sure; as it were, precious stone development isn't thermodynamically favourable.[13,14] However as cores develop, the surface to volume proportion diminishes to a limited extent where volume change exceeds the production of new surface and change in free vitality decline; gem development turns out to be progressively likely. This point is characterized as basic cores size or more this point, the vitality obstruction is overc ome.[13,14] Eventually when ÃŽG gets negative, cores are thermodynamically steady, preparing for additional development into lamellae or spherulites.[14] The base number of unit cells required to shape a steady cores decline when temperature decline, because of a decrease in vitality hindrance. As it were, the pace of homogeneous nucleation increments when temperature of the polymer decreases.[7] 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation Practically speaking, one as a rule watches heterogeneous nucleation and not homogeneous nucleation.[15] Heterogeneous nucleation includes the development of cores on the outside of remote bodies present in the liquid period of a semi-crystalline polymer. The outside bodies can appear as unusual debasements, for example, dust particles or impetus remainders, nucleating operators included reason or precious stones of a similar material effectively present in the liquid stage (self-seeding).[7,8] The nearness of outside bodies extraordinarily diminishes the vitality boundary for the arrangement of stable cores. This explanation behind this is, polymer particles which set against previous surfaces of remote bodies make less new fluid/strong interface than a similar volume of polymer atoms framing a homogeneous nucleus.[6] In turn, basic size of cores is littler in heterogeneous nucleation when contrasted with homogenous nucleation so heterogeneous nucleation consistently happens at lower supercooling.[16] Outside bodies with crystallographic spacings coordinating the semi-crystalline polymer are particularly viable heterogeneous nucleating operators. Positive nucleation destinations incorporate precious stone grain limits, breaks, discontinuities and cavities.[7] 2.1.2.3. Direction Induced Nucleation Direction prompted nucleation is brought about by some level of atomic arrangement in the liquid period of a semi-crystalline polymer. Sub-atomic arrangement lessens the entropy contrast between the liquid and crystalline condition of the polymer. This sort of nucleation is significant in different procedures, for example, fiber dissolve turning, film-shaping and infusion forming. In these procedures, polymer dissolve is sheared previously and during crystallisation.[8,17] 2.1.3. Gem Growth 2.1.3.1. Essential Crystallization Essential crystallization happens when dissolve of a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled beneath its harmony liquefying temperature. It includes sub-atomic fragments storing onto the developing substance of crystallites or cores. The resultant gem development happens along the an and b tomahawks, comparative with the polymers unit cell. These augmentations of atomic sections can happen through two systems: tight crease adjoining reemergence or free affidavit (delineated in Figure 2.3).[6] Tight overlay neighboring reemergence necessitates that chain stems be set down constantly from a solitary polymer particle in a progression of clip twists until its length is depleted. This single particle is believed to be ‘reeled in from encompassing liquid material.[7] This system necessitates that sub-atomic movements along the polymer atoms shape length to be a few times quicker than the pace of precious stone development. Then again, the autonomous testimony component just requires limited movement of atomic portions. Sub-atomic portions just need to re-sort out adequately to line up with sub-atomic sections at the crystallite face.[6] tight overlay adjoining reemergence free deposition[6] 2.1.3.2. Auxiliary Crystallization After a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled to room temperature, crystallization is still thermodynamically great however limited by the low versatility of atomic portions in its undefined areas. Over an all-inclusive timeframe, which can length from hours to weeks, re-game plan of atomic fragments inside shapeless districts can prompt further precious stone development. This procedure is characterized as s

Adderall Side Effects in Men

Adderall Side Effects in Men October 14, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Cindy Chung Adderall is a stimulant medication used to treat ADHD. However, it can have side effects, including erectile dysfunction in some men.?? Adderall acts on the central nervous system and increases the amount of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. This results in increased attention and focus and a reduction in hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Adderall contains dextroamphetamine and amphetamine and is available in a short-acting formula, which lasts approximately four hours, and in an extended release formula (Adderall XR), which lasts between 10 to 12 hours.?? It was approved to treat ADHD in 1996 by the FDA and can be prescribed to people who are 6 years and older.?? Side Effects in Men Erectile dysfunction  (ED) is a  potential side effect for men taking Adderall.  Some men report a decreased interest in sex and difficulty getting and keeping an erection. This change in sex drive or sexual performance can cause distress and embarrassment. While some men report that Adderall  negatively affects their sex life, other men experience the opposite.?? They find it increases their sex drive and do not experience ED. This varies from person to person. In fact stimulants like Adderall are sometimes used to treat the sexual side effects that may accompany certain antidepressant medications. Other side effects of Adderall can include nervousness, dizziness, headaches, problems with sleep, dry mouth, vision problems, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and an increase in both blood pressure and heart rate.?? Why Adderall May  Cause ED One of the effects of Adderall is constriction of certain blood vessels in the body, and these changes may impact the penis. Typically, once the effects of the medication have worn away, sexual desire and performance return to what is normal for you. Speak to Your Doctor Although you might feel shy or embarrassed to speak to your doctor, it is important to tell them about any erectile dysfunction you are experiencing.  Doctors understand that it is a potential side effect of Adderall  and will want to help you to resolve the problem. Your doctor may suggest one of the following solutions: Plan Ahead: Some men do not take their usual dose of Adderall  if they know they are going to be having sex. Or they can wait until the medication is out of their system before having sex. Lower Dose: Taking a lower dosage of Adderall  might still be helpful in reducing ADHD symptoms while not resulting in erectile dysfunction. Medication Change: As with all medications, there is a balance between treating a condition and managing the side effects. There are two types of stimulant medication available to treat ADHD, the amphetamine family (Adderall) and  methylphenidate (e.g. Ritalin). If one stimulant family causes side effects that cannot be tolerated, the prescribing physician will often suggest trying the other type. Each group of drugs affects an individual differently. The only way to know how you will respond to a medication is through trial and error. There are also non-stimulant medication options too. Let Your Body Adjust: Some men experience ED when they first start taking Adderall, then as their body adjusts to the new medication over the course of several weeks the problems subside. Because each human body responds to medication slightly differently, it is not possible to know how the medication will affect you. A Prescription of Viagra: ED can be a result of many factors, including psychological factors like  stress  and anxiety. If a person tried to have sex while Adderall  was still in effect and experienced ED, the memory of this can cause performance anxiety in the future. Taking a sidenafil (Viagra)  tablet helps to get and maintain an erection, which helps to counteract the side effects of Adderall. You might feel that Viagra  or a similar medication is for ‘older’ people. However, many young males take it to help with ED. Even at times when Adderall is not in their body,  having a prescription of Viagra has a psychological advantage as well as a physical one. Knowing that you have Viagra in your medicine cabinet just in case you need it, gives you a psychological boost. With time you will feel more confident as you get to know your body and how it responds to Adderall. Do Not Stop Adderall Abruptly If you are experiencing ED and think it is due to Adderall,  you might be tempted to stop taking your medication.  However, it is advisable to discuss this with your physician first, as there might be some unpleasant physical and psychiatric symptoms that may accompany stimulant withdrawal. Contributing Causes of ED Even if you think Adderall  is the cause of ED,  it is still important to tell your doctor as it could be a sign of an underlying health problem such as diabetes or heart disease, hormone problems including testosterone, a neurological disease, or may reflect other psychiatric issues such as depression. Medications It could be that ED is caused by another medication you are taking. There are many  medications  that are known to cause ED. Medications used to treat conditions that frequently  coexist  with ADHD can also result in ED.  For example, SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) such as Paxil (Paroxetine), used to treat depression and anxiety and certain antihypertensive drugs sometimes use to treat aspects of ADHD can also contribute to erectile issues. Lifestyle Factors Consuming high levels of alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, and cocaine can also result in ED. Lack of exercise, sleep, and stress could be contributing factors. This is good news because these are factors that you are in control of. By making changes to your lifestyle, you can become physically healthier and improve ED problems. Can Natural Treatments Help? There are some natural treatments that might help for ED. While natural products such as supplements and vitamins can sound like a great solution, be cautious. Natural does not automatically mean safe. Natural options can interact with prescription medication you are taking. Always check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking natural products. A Word From Verywell Having problems with ED can be stressful and cause anxiousness, depression, and affect your self-esteem. Remember, ED is not a reflection on your character, it just means there is a problem that needs to be solved.

Midterm Exam Draft ( Parts 1 - 1726 Words

Brad Wyzykowski Professor Gerber HIS300 4/5/2017 Midterm Exam Draft (Parts 1 2) Part 1 This debate is set April 12, 1861 between a congressman from New Haven, Connecticut, of the United States of America and a congressman from Jackson, Mississippi, of the Confederate States of America. Each congressman is very well informed of the issues leading up to the Civil War. They will debate over a variety of different issues that include secession validity, race relations, a plan to win the war, and a postwar vision. Each side will have a chance to debate said facts, opinions, and convincing arguments in a respectful manner. Was slavery the main cause leading to up to the Civil War, or was it states’ rights? With so many factors at play, the†¦show more content†¦Slavery is inhumane. It portrays our country in the most negative way. Calhoun was a brilliant man, but his reasoning behind the slavery following the flag was inhumane in all aspects. If we are all equal under the constitution, then why are we denying colored people these very rights that they deserve ? Any person with a sense of humanity and life would deny your reasoning. You had no right to secede. Slavery does not follow the flag in any right-minded nation. Secession only portrays your actions as inhumane and childish.† CSA Congressman: â€Å"It is not based on the fact of inhumane ways, it is based on the act that you were in direct violation of the constitution. You must respect our constitution and our history! We took action as we should have. We were never stubborn, but right-minded, as well as driven by our roots. The election of â€Å"The Black Republican† was a complete threat to our beliefs and what we worked so hard for. Secession was completely necessary at this point in time. We would have been deprived of more rights if we did not secede. Every action is followed by a reaction and therefore we split. Our rights were threatened and we took action as necessary.† USA Congressman: â€Å"Congressman, it was your pride and you honor that was at stake. President Lincoln had no intentions of taking away your rights. His values are very traditional, just as his attitude is. We are all driven by our roots of history. Secession wasShow MoreRelatedBusn/278 Budgeting and Forecasting – Course Project – Weekly Discussions -Midterm Exam1511 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussions -Midterm Exam Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/busn-278/busn278-budgeting-and-forecasting-course-project-weekly-discussions-midterm-exam/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com BUSN278 Week 1 Section 1.0 Executive Summary (Draft) BUSN 278 Week 2 Section 2.0 Sales Forecast (Draft) BUSN278 Week 3 Section 3.0 Capital Expenditure Budget (Draft) BUSN278 Week 4 Section 4.0 Investment Analysis (Draft) BUSN278 Week 5 Section 5.1 Pro Forma Income Statement (Draft) BUSN278Read MoreDr. Kirklands Class Letter Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesit again, which is nice. 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Comparison Between Pale Horse, Pale Rider By Katherine Ann...

Comparison Between Pale Horse, Pale Rider By Katherine Ann Porter And The Snows of Kilimanjaro By Ernest Hemingway This paper is going to discuss and analyze fully two short American fiction stories which are Pale horse, Pale Rider by Katherine Ann Porter and The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway. By reading the bibliographies of both these authors, one finds that Porter and Hemingway have met in a certain period of their life, where they could have shared lots of ideas and agreed on lots of different issues. By the end of reading both stories, one notices that there are lots of similarities found in both stories. One of the obviously noticed similarity is the autobiographical elements†¦show more content†¦The author effectively uses the dream to foreshadow the evil and tragedy that will affect Miranda from the world she lives in. after the dream the author moves the reader from the world of Mirandas imagination to the real world by stating an indirect everyday thought But let me get a fine yawn first. The dream world represents the real world. On the other hand, in The Snows of Kilimanjaro the fantasy world and memories of Harrys past are shown by an italic style of typed text, which can be easily determined. Most of Harrys (the protagonist) memories are of his past as a writer and his love affairs. Harry lives his life through his past, he regrets everything he done, hes mentally and physically ill. Harry is very bitter towards the woman, his companion on the wild African safari, his remarks were very cruel and harsh, for example you bitch, you rich bitch. Perhaps the inspiration of Harrys character came from Hemingway who was misogynist himself. Harry blames his failure on everyone but he havent got the cpurage to face reality and blame himself, she shot very well this good, this rich bitch, this kindly

Motion in inferno Free Essays

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion in inferno or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected. The motions of Minos make him out to be a wielder, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself. The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the motion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom. Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once. The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment. Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15). The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossible) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose. Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts. They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find themselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied. This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source. Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell. In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace. Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a respite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself. It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them. Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish. How to cite Motion in inferno, Essay examples

Motion in inferno Free Essays

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion in inferno or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected. The motions of Minos make him out to be a wielder, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself. The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the motion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom. Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once. The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment. Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15). The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossible) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose. Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts. They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find themselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied. This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source. Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell. In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace. Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a respite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself. It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them. Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish. How to cite Motion in inferno, Essay examples